Competitionfederalism theory best explain why choose the federalism Whyfederations arise in political reality? According to The Federalist paper, themilitary and foreign affairs and internal security were the principle objectsof concern. Federalism protect minority and enables culture, linguistic,religious, and ideological diversities to flourish. The federalism combines theeconomic advantages of large size with the possibilities for self-governmentthat exist in a small political community. Preventingtyranny and protecting minority and individual’s rights is the mainconsideration of the United States founding fathers, because Mass are incurablyfactious, mischievous, passionate, selfish, the awesome powers of governmentmay be abused by selfish majority. Republic principle alone could not restraingovernment. Democracy offers little protection to individuals, democraticpolitical process alone cannot restrain governmental powers. Periodicelections, party competition, voter enfranchisement, and political equality mayfunction to make government elites more responsive to popular concerns, butthese processes do not protect minorities or individuals, from governmentdeprivations of liberty or property. Democratic political processes alone couldnot be depend on to restrain governmental power and protect the liberties ofindividuals. Federalism is not only competition between the national governmentand the states; it is also completion among states and local government. Thus,the main reason to choose the federalism is use federalism as a tool to protectthe minority and individual’s rights against the Leviathan tyranny. ThomasDye create the theory of competition federalism is really eloquence, heexplained that the encourage not of rivalry among states and local governmentsto offer citizens taxpayers the best arrange of public service at the lowestcosts. [1]Constitutional arrangements must be devised so that the personal interest ofgovernment officials coincides with the public interest. The solution to theproblem of adjusting the self-interests of government officials to publicinterests is competition; Rather than rely on the better motives of statesmen,the funders sought to construct a government system incorporating the notion of‘opposite and rival interest’. [2] Thus,Federation is an auxiliary precaution against the monopoly abuse of power by asingle centralized government. Officials personal motives to enforceconstitutional limits on government power to protect individual’s right, thesolution the found advanced were federalism and the separation of powers withinthe national government. Federalism is the creation of ‘opposite and rival’interests among governments.[3] ThenThomas Dye from the market perspective to argue that a market economy depend onvoluntary exchange, individual choose whether to enter into agreements base ontheir own calculation of net benefits to themselves. They affect the marketboth when they enter into agreements and when they decline to do so.Individuals are assumed to act in their own self-interest. Competitionstimulates them to offer more to other at lower costs. The competition ofpersonal incentives and competition creates efficiency in society as a whole,raising output and lowing costs. The market process working best when there aremany buyers and sellers, freedom of entry and exist, good information, andprotection of private property. Markets maximize individual choice, rely onvoluntary exchange rather than coercion, and provide personal incentives forsocietal progress. [4]Competition in the private market place forces sellers to become sensitive topreferences of consumers. Competition among governments forces public officialsto become sensitive to the preference of citizens. Just as the market place,lessened competition among governments results in higher taxes, poorerpreference, and greater inefficiencies in the public sector. Competition is thedriving force behind innovation. Intergovernmental competition inspires policyinnovation.[5] Dyefurther asserted that competitive federalism, state and local governmentscompete for consumer-taxpayers by offering the best arrange of public good,service, at the lowest possible costs. Atruly federal government can achieve a far better match between preferences andpolities than a centralize government imposing uniform policies throughout thenation. Competitive federalism forces governments to improve services andreduce costs, to become efficient. It forces governments to make betterestimates of citizens preferences for public goods.[6] RestrainingLeviathan is a problem of checking its growth as well as controlling its power.It may grow in response to the accumulated demands of interest groups, each ofwhich seeks concentrated benefits for itself knowing its costs can be diffusedthroughout society; or as a result of bureaucratic expansionism, or thepersistent demands of public employees backed up by the exercise of their vote.[7] Federalismmust grant some political and financial independence, some responsibilities fordeciding about policy and paying for these policy decisions, to state and localgovernments if they are to be truly competitive. These governments must be ableto pursue a range of public policy, to provide a variety of public services.The costs of these policy decisions must be borne by the people in thesejurisdictions. Competition requires that voter-taxpayers within states andcommunities bear burdens as well as the benefits of their own choices.[8] Federalismis a defense against tyranny. The main political goal on preventing the abuseof power; Creating “opposite and rival interest” within government protectminorities and individuals from abuse by particular governing elites or popularmajorities, either within the states or in the nation as a whole. A federalsystem, with many rival and competitive governments better protects individualliberty than a single government. But only a truly competitive federalismoffers protection against abusive government. But the most federalism ofmodern, are non-competitive and offer little protection against tyranny. [9]
[1] Thomas R.Dye, AmericanFederalism Competition Among Government, Toronto, Lexington Books.1990, p.2
[2]Thomas R.Dye, American Federalism Competition Among Government, Toronto,Lexington Books. 1990, p.3Madison in No 51 of The Federalist point out that “Inthe compound republic of American the power surrendered by the people is firstdivided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to eachsubdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double securityarises to the rights of the people. The different governments will contracteach other; at the same time that each will be controlled by itself”.
[3] Thomas R.Dye, AmericanFederalism Competition Among Government, Toronto, Lexington Books.1990, p.3
[4] Thomas R.Dye, AmericanFederalism Competition Among Government, Toronto, Lexington Books.1990, p.14
[5] Thomas R.Dye, AmericanFederalism Competition Among Government, Toronto, Lexington Books.1990, p.15
[6] Thomas R.Dye, AmericanFederalism Competition Among Government, Toronto, Lexington Books.1990, p.14
[7] Thomas R.Dye, AmericanFederalism Competition Among Government, Toronto, Lexington Books.1990, p.21
[8] Thomas R.Dye, AmericanFederalism Competition Among Government, Toronto, Lexington Books.1990, p.5
[9] Thomas R.Dye, AmericanFederalism Competition Among Government, Toronto, Lexington Books.1990, p.6
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